CAREER PLANNING IN MINING ENGINEERING: A PERSONAL JOURNEY - By Dr G. R. Adhikari

Republished from: - MEJ - August, 2023 with permission from the Author & Editor of MEJ,

This Article is being presented for the benefit of Asansol Polytechnic Mining Students.

This paper presents A brief overview of career planning for mining engineers. It discusses the importance of career planning, different approaches to career planning, and the steps involved in the career planning process. The paper ago sharer a personal account off successful career journey of a mining engineer who navigated diverse career paths across for government organisations. This real- life example effectively demarcates how career planning can lead to success in the field of mining engineering.

Keywords. • Career planning, Mining engineering, Career path, career advancement, Person/journey.

1.0 INTRODUCTION The mining industry stands as a cornerstone of global economies, supplying essential raw materials to diverse industrial sectors. Mining engineers apply engineering principles to extractant process minerals from the earth for industrial use. They play a vital role in the industry, taking on different roles such as mineral exploration, mine planning and design, operations, and management. As the demand for natural resources continues to escalate, the significance of mining engineering has soared exponentially. Prominent mining companies worldwide actively seek qualified and experienced mining engineers to fill crucial roles within the industry. However, technical expertise alone is inadequate for achieving success in this field. Early career executives must also possess a strong aptitude for strategic thinking, planning, communication, and problem-solving (Bhattacharya, 2022). In today’s fiercely competitive job market, coarser planning emerges as the guiding compass that empowers both recent graduates and seasoned professionals to unlock their full potential and make informed decisions. By aligning their passions, skills, and aspirations, and continuously reflecting on their goals, mining engineers can pursue their dream jobs, cultivate valuable skills and interests, enhance their effectiveness in their roles, acquire specialised knowledge, stimulate career growth, foster a sense of accomplishment, and achieve a harmonious work-life balance amidst the myriad challenges the encounter (Thurgate and Jackson, 2011). Countless resources have been published on the subject of a mining engineer as a valuable addition to the discourse on career planning. By Showcasing various experiences, challenges and lessons learned, the author aims to inspire, guide, and advise early career engineers, illuminating the path towards overcoming obstacles and achieving their goals. 2.0 DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO CAREER PLANNING

There are four different approaches to career planning: self- directed, employer-directed, mentorship, and counselling. Self-directed career planning, also known as career self- management, emphasizes the importance of individuals taking ownership and responsibility for their careers. This approach involves individuals taking control of their career by proactively planning, developing, and managing their skills, experiences, and networks (King, 2004; Walker, 1973). By taking ownership and responsibility for their careers, individuals can increase their chances of success and satisfaction. (Fiske, 1966; Hoschette, 2010) Employer-directed career planning involves employers providing support to employees’ career development through training programs, job rotations, and promotions. However, many employers fail to offer adequate support, which can lead to lower employee engagement, retention, and organisational performance. Walker (1973) suggested guidelines to improve human resource planning and development, Mentorship is a process where an experienced individual guides and supports a less experienced person in their career development (Landefeld, 2009). Mentors provide valuable advice, feedback, and assistance to help individuals achieve their career goals. They can also help to career planning, including different approaches and mentees develop networks, identify opportunities, navigate challenges, and gain insights into industry practices and emerging technologies. Finding the right mentor significantly enhances your chances for career success (Hoschette, 2010). Career counselling involves working with a professional counsellor to identify career interests, strengths, and values, and create a plan to achieve career goals. Online career services have expanded to supplement traditional face-to- face counselling (Pordelan and Hosseinian, 2022). Machine learning algorithms now power online career tests that analyse an individual's interests, ambitions, background, personality traits, and potential occupations (Robinson, 2022). While these tests cannot predict future careers with certainty due to various factors, they provide valuable insights into an individual’s interests and strengths, offering guidance towards compatible career choices. These approaches are not mutually exclusive. As a mining engineer, you can combine multiple approaches in your career development journey. In the following section, the author will specifically focus on self-directed career planning, exploring its advantages and strategies for success.

Different authors have identified various steps in the career planning process (Souder, 1983; 3.2 Exploration of Career planning process (Souder, 1983; Fiske, 1966; Magnusson, 1995; McKay, 2022; Pelta, 2022; Talmage-Rostron, 2023). These steps typically include self-assessments, explorations, Goal-Settings, Action Planning, Implementation, and periodic review. A concise overview of the career planning progress is illustrated in figure-1.

3.1 Self - Assessment

Self - Assessment is the first step in the career planning process. It involves the evaluation of technical and soft skills, interests, values and personality traits ( Powel, 1995, Fiske, 1996 ). It is crucial to gain a deeper understanding of the personal attributes and preference to align them with suitable career choices. Tools like the Myers-Briggs Type indicators ( Tieger et al., 2014) and online career tests (Robinson, 2022 )

Experienced individuals can gain valuable insights by reflecting on their past job roles and experiences. This reflection enables them to identify the positions and responsibilities that genuinely bring them satisfaction.

3.2 Exploration of Career Options

The second step is to explore different career options available to mining engineers. Mining engineers can use job portals like Linkedln, Indeed, and Monster, as well as online resources such as company websites to find suitable roles and companies. When evaluating each option, factors such as job responsibilities, salary prospects, growth opportunities, job security, location, and work-life balance should be taken into consideration. Career paths in engineering are broadly classified into three main categories: managerial, technical, and hybrid (Tremblay et at., 2002). Managerial career paths involve overseeing and coordinating activities within the mining industry. Examples of managerial roles include mine manager, general manager, chief operating officer. and chief executive officer. Mine managers assume overall responsibility for the operation of a mine, ensuring safety, production efficiency, and financial performance. General managers oversee the company's operations, including mines, processing facilities, and transportation. Chief operating officers handle day-to- day operations of the company, while chief executive officers set strategy and oversee overall operations of the mining company.

Individuals on the technical paths specialize in specific areas of the mining engineering and continuously develop their skills and knowledge to excel in their specific area of expertise. Some technical career paths within the field of mining engineering include mineral resource assessment, geotechnical engineering, mine planning and design, environmental engineering, health and safety engineering, research and development, as well as academic positions.

The hybrid career path involves venturing into diverse areas such as consulting, sales and marketing, and entrepreneurship These roles require a combination of technical knowledge and business-oriented responsibilities.

It is important to note that mining engineers have the freedom to transition to different career paths, enabling them to explore new opportunities or pursue diverse interests throughout their professional journey.

3.3 Goal Setting Once career options have been narrowed down, individuals can start setting goals. The goals must be SMART(Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound) goals (Powell, 1995: Khera, 2018). Mining engineers should ensure that their goals align with their self-assessment, preferred career options, and aspirations. Seeking guidance and support from mentors or career coaches is encouraged. Clear and specific goals, with established deadlines, keep individuals focused and motivated (Powell, 1995; Khera, 2018). Goals can be categorised as short-term (up to one year), medium-term (up to three years), and long-term (up to 1iveyears). For example, the short-term goal of a mining graduate trainee could include successfully completing an internship or attending a training program. On the other hand, the long-term goal of a mining graduate trainee could be to attain a Mines Manager position, which typically requires around five years of experience in the field. Breaking down long-term goals into smaller, manageable steps is crucial. Thesesmaller goals serve as milestones on the path to achieving larger objectives. Regularly evaluating progress, monitoring actions, tracking milestones, and making necessary adjustments are important. By following these steps, individuals can effectively set and work towards achieving their goals, ultimately leading to career success and personal fulfilment (Powell, 1995; Khera, 2018).

3.4 Action Planning Having a plan of action is vital to achieving your career goals. It helps you identify specific steps you need to take, and it keeps you focused and motivated. A plan oT action should identify necessary resources such as education, training,certifications, and networking opportunities. Mining engineers can enrol in courses or programs, attend industry events, or seek mentorship from professionals in their desired field. However,it is also important to remain flexible and adaptable in the plan of action, allowing for adjustments as progress is made on the career journey. 3.5 Implementation The fifth step is to implement the plan by identifying milestones, creating a timeline, and taking necessary steps to achieve the desired goals. In the mining industry, junior engineers can pursue certifications such as Second Class and First-Class Mines Manager to advance their careers.The action plan should outline the steps needed to achieve long- term career goals. Pursuing higher education or specialised training, seeking mentorship, and creating a professional profile onplatforms like Linkedln or ResearchGate are also beneficial actions that can enhance professional networks and visibility. 3.6 Review and Re-evaluation The last step in the career planning involves regular assessment of progress, identification of challenges, revision of goals, and action plans as necessary. This evaluation process enables individuals to make the required adjustments totheir plans, stay on course, and make well- informed decisions regarding the next steps in their careers. Career planning is an ongoing process, and revising the plan of action and implementation strategies is essential as your goals, interests, qualification, and the job market change over time. 4.0 CAREER PLANNING PROCESS: A PERSONAL JOURNEY The previous sections explored the significance of career planning, along with various strategies and steps involved in the process. This section discusses how I implemented these steps and strategies inmy own personal journey. 4.1 My Journey into Mining Engineering My journey into mining engineering began with a decision to pursue a degree in the field. Although I did not conduct a self-assessment or consult career counsellors, my decision was influenced by a genuine personal interest in mining engineering and the promising career prospects itoffered. I studied mining engineering Trom 1973 to 1979 at the prestigious PeoplesFriendship University in Moscow, USSR. The program offered extensive knowledge and rigorous training in underground coal mines as well assurface and underground iron ore mines in Ukraine. During my final year of studies, I presented a paper at a workshop organised by our mining engineering department. My paper was well-received and was recognised as the best among the papers presented. This recognition boosted my confidence and affirmed my abilities. To further strengthen my research skills, I decided to concentrate my Master's thesis on optimising mine transport for a large iron ore pit mine in Ukraine, using the FORTRAN programming language. My thesis was recognised as the best inthe mining department and the second-best in the entire engineering faculty of our university. The acknowledgement and appreciation bestowed upon me by my professors further fuelled my passion for pursuing a research career. 4.2 Embarking on a Mining Engineering Career After obtaining my master's degree in mining engineering from the former USSR in July 1979, I returned to Nepal. However, no opportunities were available to pursue a

career in mining research. I sought guidance from senior mining engineers and geologists and was able to secure a temporary position as a mining engineer in August 1979 at the Department of Mines and Geology (DMG) in Kathmandu (www.dmgnepal.gov.np). Subsequently, I obtained a permanent position after successfully clearing the Public Service Commission. My short-term goals at DMG ware to familiarise myself with its ongoing and planned mineral exploration projects. I actively participated in a detailed exploration of the Bamangaon polymetallic prospect in Dadeldhura, Nepal. Over the couree of three fieldseasons, each spanning 3 to 5 months, we conducted a variety of geological, geochemical, and geophysical investigations. To enhance my knowledge, I studied books and reports on mineral exploration and feasibility studies. In addition, I engaged in extensive discussions with geologists at the site to better understand the mineral exploration techniques. While working at DMG, I was deputed for a three-month UNDP-sponsored training in coal mining in the USSR. The program included lectures, visits to coal mines, research institutes, and mine planning institutes. Upon completion of the training, I returned to DMG and began exploring job opportunities to pursue a research career in mining engineering. Upon reflecting on my career path at DMG, I acknowledge that while the research career path was not available, my experience in mineral exploration provided a steppingstone to future opportunities. Witha positive attitude, open- mindedness, and continuous skill development, I gained valuable experience that facilitated a smooth transition into new career paths aligned with my long-term goals. 4.3 Turning Point in Mining Research Career I applied for a Research Associate position at the Central Mining Research Station (CMRS) in Dhanbad, India, which is now known as the Central Mining and Fuel Research Institute (https://cimfr.nic.ing.Despite challenges of adapting to a new work environment and managing work-life balance, I accepted the offer with the hope of achieving job satisfaction, personal growth, and professional development, and joined CMRS in February 1984. CMRS had several specialised departments in mining engineering. Among the available options, I chose to join the blasting department due to its crucial role in mining operations and construction projects. This marked the beginning of my career in blasting research. In my role as a Research Associate at CMRS,I expanded my skills and knowledge in blasting techniques, blast monitoring equipment, and blast analysis software. It was crucial to stay up-to-date with the latest advancements in blasting technology to contribute effectively to mining research and consultancy services. Additionally, I conducted field investigations to achieve desirable blast results at different surface and underground mines, and tunnelling projects. actively built relationships with colleagues at CMRS, professionals from the mining industry, and academic institutes. This helped me to further broaden my understanding of the field and confirmed that my chosen career path aligned with my interests and long-term goals. By interacting with senior scientists at CMRS, I discovered that key traits and skills such as hard work, dedication, a genuine pursuit of knowledge, creative and critical thinking, and effective communication were instrumental to their success. I aspired to develop and embody these traits throughout my own career. It was a moment of joy and accomplishment when I secured a permanent position as Scientist-C at CMRS in January 1986. Based on my contributions in research and consultancy projects at CMRS, I produced several reports and published papers in journals. I also gained experience and skills in leading technical teams and successfully executing projects. The transition from mineral exploration to mining research was a turning point in my career. It provided me with new learning and exciting opportunities, allowing me to grow, and advance my expertise. 4.4 Career Advancement in Research After tirelessly working six years at CMRS, I was offered a leadership position as the Head of the Rock Blasting Department at the newly established National Institute of Rock Mechanics (NIRM) (https://www.nirm.in/) in Kolar Gold Fields, India. I carefully considered the long-term strategic implications of this career move. Accepting the offer meant relocating to a different city, stepping out o1 my comfort zone, and committing myself to excel in the new position. However, with full conviction that this opportunity would pave the way for personal and professional growth, I joined NIRM in March 1990. As the Head of the Blasting Department, my responsibilities included developing, grooming, leading and managing a technical team; developing and implementing projects; managing project timelines and budgets; and managing both internal and external stakeholders of the institute. To successfully fulfil my responsibilities, we focused on team work, set clear goals, established quality control measures, developed professional networks, and constantly sought ways to improve department performance.

At NIRM, my immediate goals included expanding knowledge and skills by attending conferences, workshops, and training programs, building a strong professional network, and cultivating positive client relationships. My long-term goal was to earn a PhD by enrolling as an external research candidate at an esteemed university. Additionally, I aimed to establish myseI1asaprominent figure in the 1ieId, advancing the science of blasting, and promoting safe and sustainable practices. Balancing departmental work, additional responsibilities from the institute, and my PhD studies posed significant challenges that had an impact on my well-being. However, through perseverance and determination, I managed to overcome these obstacles. During my PhD journey, I actively sought feedback on my draft thesis from two esteemed blasting experts in my international network. Their invaluable suggestions significantly improved the quality of my thesis, ultimately leading to the successful completion of my PhD from Mangalore University in 1997. At NIRM, I was rewarded for my dedication and achievements with two well-deserved promotions, attaining the highest technical position within the institute. We evaluated performance based on completed projects, publications, and revenue generated from grants and contracts. Our commitment to continuous improvement led us to actively seek feedback from clients and embrace new technologies. During my 18-year tenure as the Head of Blasting at NIRM, we accomplished significant milestones, including the successful completion of four major research projects, four in-house projects, and over 80 consultancy projects. Moreover, we published numerous papers and presented our 1indings at various conferences. 4.5 Leading Technical Coordination and Project Management In April 2008, the Director of our institute established a Technical Coordination and Project Management Department (TCPMD) to ensure the smooth functioning of research and consultancy projects and offered me to lead this new department. Considering that transitioning from engineering to management at the senior level is common (Souder, 1983), I accepted the opportunity to head TCPMD, despite the emotional challenge of leaving the Rock Blasting Department and embracing a new role. New department, new role, and of course, new goals! At TCPMD, my goals were to identify critical areas for improvement, implement effective project management processes, and promote innovation. We placed a high priority on delivering quality services through training programs, stringent quality control measures, building trust with clients, and encouraging scientists to disseminate research findings. Under my leadership. TCPMD played a crucial role in overseeing the technical and managerial aspects of research and sponsored projects, from proposal stage to successful completion. We encountered several challenges such as balancing priorities, effective communication with stakeholders, and conflict resolution. To effemively address the challenges of multitasking, I adopted proven time management techniques (Covey, 1989), which involved prioritising activities, organising them based on importance, and executing tasks accordingly. To foster collaboration and continuous improvement, TCPMD coordinated forums for scientists to present work, discuss solutions, and identify required resources. As a senior member of NIRM, I actively participated in strategic planning, resource management, stakeholder management, training programs, and quality assurance. The institute not only recognised my significant contributions but also extended my services for two moreyears, beyond the superannuation age of 60, which I accepted gratefully.

4.6 Transition to Academic Career Six months before my retirement from NIRM, I received an exciting offer to become a Professor of Mining Engineering at the Goa College of Engineering (GEC), under the Government of Goa (www.gec.ac.in). Since I was retiring from the Government of India, this appointment required the special approval of none other than the Prime Minister of Goa. I eagerly joined the college in February 2013, as it perfectly aligned with my extensive experience and career aspirations. The Department o1 Mining Engineering at GEC had a vision to provide high-quality education to mining engineering students. Generously sponsored by Vedanta, a multinational mining company, the department was being established with all the necessary resources. During my tenure at GEC, I worked hard to make the mining department one of the best in the field of education. My diverse background in mineral exploration, mining research, and project management has provided me with a robust foundation of knowledge and expertise in the field. This allowed me to teach mining engineering courses effectively, using practical examples to enhance the learning experience. In addition, I used my industry connections to organise training programs for students, and assist them in securing job placements. My time at GEC spanned until December 201T. Reflecting upon my five-year academic journey, I find it to be incredibly rewarding,both on a personal and professional level.

4.7 Post-Retirement Career Plan After a fulfilling career, I am passionate about giving back. to the community. In my post-retirement career, I volunteer to provide guidance to PhD scholars and master’s students, 5.0 CONCLUSIONS

Career planning plays a vital role in the professional development and achievement of goaI for early career mining engineers. The effective approach of self-directed career planning empowers engineers to understand their strengths, explore different career paths, set goals, create a plan, implement it, and regularly review their progress. This approach enables engineers to navigate their personal and professional growth, ensuring long-term success. By embracing careful planning and unwavering commitment, aspiring engineers can turn their dream careers into reality.

The author's inspiring career journey serves as a testament to the effectiveness of self-directed career planning. From mineral exploration and blasting research to project management and ultimately becoming a professor in mining engineering, the author’s trajectory reflects consistent growth and significant contributions. These achievements are a result of the author’s continuous effort to enhance technical and managerial skills, combined with a positive attitude. Even during retirement, the author generously shares knowledge and supports the younger generation in the fields of mining engineering and geology.

6.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Although this paper describes my personal journey, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the colleagues across four different organisations who played a vital role in my success. I would also like to extend my appreciation to the heads of all four organisations for providing me with employment opportunities. The unwavering support of my family has played an invaluable role in shaping my personal career journey. Their support has served as the bedrock for my accomplishments and reinforced my determination to succeed. I am grateful for their love and encouragement, which have helped me to reach my full potential in my career.

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